An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. An anion (pronounced /ˈæn.aɪ.ən/ AN-eye-ən), from the Greek word ἀνω (anο), meaning "up", is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged). Conversely, a cation (pronounced /ˈkæt.aɪ.ən/ KAT-eye-ən), from the Greek word κατά (kata), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge. Since the charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons. An ion consisting of a single atom is an atomic or monatomic ion. If it consists of two or more atoms, it is a molecular or polyatomic ion. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called oxyanions. If an ion contains unpaired electrons, it is called a radical ion. Just like uncharged radicals, radical ions are very reactive. Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions. Positively charged organic ions are called carbocations. Negatively charged molecular ions with at least one carbon atom are called organic anions.
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